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Collective narcissism
Collective narcissism (or group narcissism) is a type of narcissism where an individual has an inflated self-love of his or her own ingroup, where an "ingroup" is a group in which an individual is personally involved.〔Golec de Zavala, A,Cichocka, A., Eidelson, R., & Jayawickreme, N. ("Collective narcissism and its social consequences" ) ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'' 97.6 (2009): 1074-1096. Psyc articles. EBSCO. Web. 26 Mar. 2011.〕 While the classic definition of narcissism focuses on the individual, collective narcissism asserts that one can have a similar excessively high opinion of a group, and that a group can function as a narcissistic entity.〔 Collective narcissism is related to ethnocentrism; however, ethnocentrism primarily focuses on self-centeredness at an ethnic or cultural level, while collective narcissism is extended to any type of ingroup, beyond just cultures and ethnicities.〔〔Bizumic, Boris, and John Duckitt. My Group Is Not Worthy of Me': Narcissism and Ethnocentrism". ''Political Psychology'' 29.3 (2008): 437-453. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection. EBSCO. Web. 9 Apr. 2011.〕 Some theorists believe group-level narcissism to be an extension of individual narcissism, though others believe the two to be independent of each other.
==Development of the concept==
In Sigmund Freud's 1922 study ''Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego'', he noted how "every little canton looks down upon the others with contempt",〔Sigmund Freud, ''Civilization, Society and Religion'' (PFL 12) p. 131〕 as an instance of what would later to be termed "Freud's theory of collective narcissism".〔P. U. Hohendahl, ''Prismatic Thought'' (1997) p. 56〕 Thereafter, Wilhelm Reich and Isaiah Berlin explored what the latter called "the rise of modern national narcissism: the self-adoration of peoples".〔E. B. Weaver, ''National Narcissism'' 2006, ISBN 978-0-8204-7989-7. p. 62〕 "Group narcissism" is described in a 1973 book entitled ''The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness'' by psychologist Erich Fromm.〔Fromm, Erich. ''The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness'', 1973. ISBN 978-0-03-007596-4〕
In the 1990s, Pierre Bourdieu wrote of "a sort of collective narcissism affecting intellectual groups...inclining them to turn a complacent gaze on themselves".〔Pierre Bourdieu, ''The Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field'' (1996), ISBN 978-0-8047-2568-2 p. 385〕 The term "collective narcissism" was highlighted anew by researchers Agnieszka Golec de Zavala, Aleksandra Cichocka, Roy Eidelson, and Nuwan Jayawickreme in 2009 in their study "Collective Narcissism and its Social Consequences".〔
Noting how "people's desire to see their own groups as better than other groups can lead to intergroup bias", Henri Tajfel approached the same phenomena in the seventies and eighties, so as to create "social identity theory, which argues that people's motivation to obtain positive self-esteem from their group memberships is one driving-force behind in-group bias".〔E. R. Smith/D.M.Mackie, ''Social Psychology'' (2007) p. 205 and p. 491〕
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